Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The emergence of Miocene reefs in South China Sea and its resilient adaptability under varying eustatic, climatic and oceanographic conditions

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64119-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Occurrences of Cenozoic carbonates in SE Asia. Red geometries interpreted from , demonstrates the distribution of Cenozoic carbonates in and around the shallow seas of Southeast Asia. Solid (50 m isobath) and dashed (200 m isobath) lines in black and pink colours that is interpreted from , represent paleobathymetric reconstructions based on sea level highstands for two (2) time slices, i.e., Langhian (15 Ma) and Serravallian (12 Ma), respectively. Shades of blue show modern ocean bathymetry, while, black and white arrows indicate the general direction of present-day wind regime during summer monsoon (north-eastward) and winter monsoon (south-westward), respectively. Base map is a SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 30 m (1-arc second) spatial resolution (SRTM 1 Arc-Second Global elevation data courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey, https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/SRTM1Arc ) and gridded bathymetric data is from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) (15 Arc-Second global ocean and land terrain models courtesy of the International Hydrographic Organization [IHO] and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission [IOC] of UNESCO, https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/ ). The map was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software ESRI ArcGIS version 10.3 ( http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop ). Figure labels were added using Adobe Illustrator version CS5.1 ( http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html ).

Article Snippet: The map was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software ESRI ArcGIS version 10.3 ( http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop ).

Techniques: Software

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The emergence of Miocene reefs in South China Sea and its resilient adaptability under varying eustatic, climatic and oceanographic conditions

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64119-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Middle Miocene carbonate platforms of Luconia, southern South China Sea. ( A ) Bright blue geometries illustrate subsurface Miocene carbonates of Luconia spread over a spatial extent of ~4.5 × 10 4 km 2 identified through seismic horizon maps of the southern South China Sea and based on . Note the two (2) clearly distinguishable patterns of platform growth that can be observed (i.e., linear platforms with a predominant N–S orientation toward the south and NE-SW directed platforms to the north). Color-coded continental elevation and bathymetric depth are shown along with major faults indicated with black solid lines that are based on . Also shown, in shades of grey, are the modelled Miocene paleogeographic limits adapted from . The paleogeography was constrained through sedimentological and stratigraphic evidences contained within clastic deposits from deep cores and onshore outcrops. Solid black bounding box shows the location and extent of the dataset used in the study (refer to methods for details of the geophysical dataset). ( B ) Top carbonate seismic horizon map of a chronologically-accordant carbonate platform that was substantially studied herein. Red circles identify locations of drilled wells that penetrated various sequences of the platform and yielded sediment cores which were interpreted in this research. White line marks the position of seismic line shown in “ C ”. ( C ) Interpreted seismic line showing the studied platform in shades of yellow and the basal substratum in pink. Also shown are stratigraphic ages and important sequence boundaries (SB) constrained through strontium isotopic dating. Drilled wells are shown in solid red lines. Faults and sense of motion is shown in black solid lines and adjacent arrows, respectively. ( D , E ) Spectral decomposition maps for two (2) time slices, i.e., 15.5 Ma and ~13.9 Ma. Note the individual reefal buildups in “ D ” followed by coalescing and progradation of the eastern end of the platform in a predominantly ESE and ENE direction in “ E ”. Base map in ( A ) is a SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 30 m (1-arc second) spatial resolution (SRTM data courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey, https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/SRTM1Arc ) and gridded bathymetric data is from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) (15 Arc-Second models courtesy of the International Hydrographic Organization [IHO] and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission [IOC] of UNESCO, https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/ ). The map was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software ESRI ArcGIS version 10.3 ( http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop ). Base maps and images in ( B – E ) were visualized, interpreted and constructed with Eliis PaleoScan software version 2018.1.0 ( http://www.eliis.fr/products/paleoscan%E2%84%A2-software ). Figure labels were added using Adobe Illustrator version CS5.1 ( http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html ).

Article Snippet: The map was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software ESRI ArcGIS version 10.3 ( http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop ).

Techniques: Sequencing, Software, Construct

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The emergence of Miocene reefs in South China Sea and its resilient adaptability under varying eustatic, climatic and oceanographic conditions

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64119-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Regime diagram showing the age of sequence boundaries (SB1–4), important stratigraphic breaks and changes in platform evolution proposed in this work and sedimentation rate of the studied Luconia platform. Also shown is the growth cycles of carbonate edifices in the Maldives adapted from , since the Middle Miocene along with timing of major climatic and oceanographic phenomena observed in the Maldives record. Global sea level is graphically represented in blue and is interpreted from . ( B ) Middle to Late Miocene (16–8 Ma) benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O and δ 13 C records from IODP Site U1443 (Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean) and ODP Site 1146 (northern South China Sea), and carbonate mass accumulation rate (CO 3 MAR) for ODP Site 999, Hole 999 A (Colombian Basin, Caribbean) compiled and interpreted from , , respectively. Grey shaded bands indicate timing of “Carbonate Crash” event that marks episodes of intense impoverishment in carbonate accumulation and strong carbonate-dissolution. Teal coloured arrows show main phases of glacial expansion/deep water cooling. Figure labels were added using Adobe Illustrator version CS5.1 ( http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html ). The inset map shown in ( B ) was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software ESRI ArcGIS version 10.3 ( http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop ).

Article Snippet: The map was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software ESRI ArcGIS version 10.3 ( http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop ).

Techniques: Sequencing, Sedimentation, Northern Blot, Software